The Detec-Tar (Dentsply Professional, York, PA, USA) calculus detection device utilizes light-emitting diode and fiber-optic technologies. Although it causes minimal tissue trauma, perioscopy is not widely used, owing to its high cost and the need for a rigorous training period prior to use. Perioscopic images can be viewed on a monitor in real time, captured, and saved in computer files. Components of the perioscope include fiber-optic bundles bound by multiple illumination fibers, a light source, and an irrigation system. Root surface, tooth surface, and calculus (Figs. When inserted into the periodontal pocket, it images the subgingival The perioscope is a miniature periodontal endoscope. Based on the principle of medical endoscopy, perioscopy is a minimally invasive approach that was introduced in the year 2000.
Numerous in vivo and in vitro clinical studies have been performed to determine their efficacy of calculus removal.Ĭurrently, perioscopy is the only available method for detecting calculus (Perioscopy Inc., Oakland, CA, USA). To enhance treatment planning and efficacy, several systems for calculus detection and/or elimination have been developed, based on different technologies (Meissner and Kocher, 2011 Bhusari et al., 2013). Correct evaluation of a cleaned surface is a key to thorough debridement. The location and inflammatory status of the gingiva also impact the detection and subsequent removal of deep-seated calculus.Ĭlinicians are frequently uncertain about the nature of a subgingival root surface while performing periodontal instrumentation. The drawback of traditional tactile perception of the subgingival environment is that the clinician may lack visibility and accessibility before and after treatment, leading to residual calculus and/or the undesirable removal of cementum. This step is followed by tactile perception with a periodontal probe, explorer, or curette, until the root surface feels smooth and clean. These toxins are found on, but not within, the periodontally diseased root surfaces hence, the surfaces should be treated carefully without extensive removal of the underlying cementum (Nyman et al., 1986).Ĭurrent subgingival root debridement techniques involve the systematic treatment of all diseased root surfaces by hand, sonic, and/or ultrasonic instruments. Because of its porous nature, calculus can adsorb a range of toxic products and retain substantial levels of endotoxin that can damage the periodontal tissues. The rough calculus surface may not, in itself, induce inflammation in the adjacent periodontal tissues, but may serve as an ideal substrate for subgingival micro-bial colonization (Jepsen et al., 2011).Ĭause-related anti-infective therapy aims to eliminate the microbial biofilm and calcified deposits from diseased root surfaces through root surface debridement (Jepsen et al., 2011). Their accumulation and attachment are facilitated by a roughened root surface (Zander, 1953 Waerhaug, 1956 Mamoru et al., 2004). 13īacterial plaque and calculus are accepted etiological agents in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease (Ash et al., 1964). Strategies for prevention of calculus formation.12Ħ.Ĝonclusion.12Ĭonflict of interest.13Īcknowledgements.13
Ĥ.Ĝombined detection and removal devices.11Ĥ.1. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.ġ013-9052 © 2013 King Saud University. Optical spectrometry.8Ģ.3.Ěutofluorescence-based technology.8ģ.Ĝalculus removal systems.9ģ.1. Introduction.8Ģ.Ĝalculus detection systems.8Ģ.1. The purpose of this review was to compile the various methods and their advantages for the detection and removal of calculus. Many techniques have been used to identify and remove calculus deposits present on the root surface. Hence, calculus should be accurately detected and thoroughly removed for adequate periodontal therapy. Dental calculus is mineralized plaque because it is porous, it can absorb various toxic products that can damage the periodontal tissues. Accordingly, the elimination of supra- and sub-gingival plaque and calculus is the cornerstone of periodontal therapy. Ultrasonic scaling Gingivitis Periodontal diseaseĪbstract Dental plaque is considered to be a major etiological factor in the development of periodontal disease. Received 23 March 2013 revised 23 September 2013 accepted 3 December 2013 Available online 18 December 2013
King Saud University The Saudi Dental Journalĭetection, removal and prevention of calculus: ^ Literature Reviewĭepartment of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore 575001, Karnataka, India
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